Gastrointestinal Endoscopy examines the alimentary tract using a tube-like device with a light on the end. A camera at the end of the tube transmits the lighted image before the tube to a display screen so that one can observe the inside of the upper tract as the tube advances. The most common indications are dyspepsia, persistent heartburn, acute bleeding from the upper git, and anaemia. The most common findings are stomach or duodenal ulcer or esophagitis.

Paediatric gastroenterology treats children from the new born period through the teen years. They choose paediatric care the core of their medical practice, which provides extensive experience especially in the care of infants, children, and teens. It provides treatment of the bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, food allergies or intolerances, Severe or complicated GERD, Inflammatory bowel syndrome, Liver disorders, Acute or chronic abdominal pain, Vomiting, Chronic constipation, Chronic or severe diarrhoea.

Gallbladder agenesis is an isolated finding in nearly 70% of people. Agenesis of the gallbladder is most often an unpredictable occurrence with unknown cause. However, there are some people who have indicated the condition with hereditary forms of gallbladder agenesis. A child with gallbladder agenesis and distant malformations leads to abnormality in chromosome that leads to poor history. Treatment is not required, if the isolated gallbladder agenesis is healthy.

Esophageal reflux disease or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a digestive ailment which is due to the high acidic secretions in stomach or food and fluids reverted back from the stomach to the oesophagus. It affects people of all ages from infants to older adults. GERD mostly affects to the asthma patients in which oesophageal sphincter relax and allows the gastric contents to revert back to the oesophagus.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a break in the lining of the stomach, first part of the small intestine or occasionally the lower oesophagus. A stomach ulcer is known as a gastric ulcer whereas the ulcer in upper part of intestine is duodenal ulcer. The most common complications of a duodenal ulcer are waking at night with upper abdominal pain that improves with intake of food. Patient with a Gastric ulcer may have pain with eating. The pain is often said as a burning or dull ache. Other symptoms include belching, vomiting, weight loss, or poor appetite. 

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or echo-endoscopy is a medical procedure in which endoscopy (insertion of a probe into a hollow organ) is correlate with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest, abdomen and colon and to analyse the walls of these organs. Combined with Doppler imaging, adjacent structures and nearby blood vessels can also be determined. EUS is also used to visualize the other accessory organs in the alimentary tract such as liver, gall bladder and pancreas.

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage or GI bleed refers to the all forms of bleeding in the digestive tract from the oral cavity to the rectum. When there is frequent blood loss for a short period of time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool. Bleeding over a long time may leads to anemia resulting in tiredness and chest pain. Other indications may include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, pale skin, or passing out. The area of bleeding in the GIT may be determined by using Endoscopy.

Gallstone pancreatitis is aggravation of the pancreas that outcomes from blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone. This happens at the level of the sphincter of oddi, a round muscle situated at the opening of the bile channel into the intestine. If a stone from the gallbladder should go down the normal bile channel and stuck out at the sphincter, it prevents the flow of all material to the outer environment from the liver and pancreas. This results in inflammation of the pancreas which may be severe. Gallstone pancreatitis can be a long life chronic disease and sometimes it may develop severe pain in abdomen.

Gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ of the human body and represents a vast surface to the external environment which studies host-microbe interaction in celiac disease, Ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointestinal biopsies are obtained from the patients with these disorders during endoscopies. To study the characteristics and features of host genes and micro biome in gastrointestinal tract, various new techniques of molecular biology are used. 

Gastrointestinal cancer refers to abnormal conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestive tract, including the oesophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, intestine, rectum and anus. The indications or symptoms which are related to the affected organ include obstruction at the sphincters which may leads to difficulty in engulfing and defecating. This requires the diagnosis by endoscopy, biopsy of suspicious tissue. The determination regularly requires endoscopy, trailed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment relies upon the area of the tumour, and in addition the sort of disease cell and whether it has attacked different tissues or spread somewhere else. 

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine and can cause bouts of stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhoea and/or constipation. Signs and manifestations incorporate cramping, stomach torment, swelling, gas, and loose bowels or blockage, or both. IBS is a perpetual condition that you'll have to oversee long term. The indications vary between individuals and influence a few people more seriously than others. 

Cirrhosis is a late phase of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many types of liver ailments and conditions, for example, hepatitis and chronic liquor abuse. The liver completes a few important functions, incorporating detoxifying harmful substances in your body, cleaning your blood and making fundamental supplements.

Gastrointestinal surgery includes two specialties of general surgery (upper gastrointestinal surgery and colorectal surgery). GI surgery includes the examination and treatment of various surgical diseases of the digestive tract from the oesophagus to the rectum, and surgical sicknesses of the stomach related tract from the throat to the rectum, and surgical illnesses of the liver, biliary pipes and pancreas. Gastrointestinal surgery is subjected to treat few regular malignancies, for example, stomach, pancreatic and colonic tumours, and a few illnesses not requiring surgery such as pancreatitis.

Anorectal disorders are a group of medical disorders that occur at the intersection of the anal canal and the rectum of the large intestine. The most well-known ailments are Haemorrhoids, Anal Fissure, Anorectal abscess and anal fistula. The patients those who have severe bleeding, pain are indicated for surgical treatment. The most widely recognized surgical medicines for serious haemorrhoids are elastic band ligation and haemorrhoidectomy.

Neurogastroenterology includes the study associated with brain, the alimentary canal, and their interactions with significance to the comprehension and management of gastrointestinal motility and functional GI disorders. Neurogastroenterology concentrates on the functions, malfunctions, and the malformations of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions of the digestive tract.

Nutrition relates with the interaction of nutrients and other moieties in GIT and in relation to maintain the growth, reproduction, wellness and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, distribution, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion. Lack of proper nutrition is associated with poorer gastrointestinal tract clinical outcomes which lead to malnutrition. This is due to Malabsorption, failure to use certain supplements, increased requirements.

Bariatric surgery is a weight loss surgery includes a variety of procedures performed to the people who have obesity. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouches (gastric bypass surgery).